Note: Levi Yehoshua Shapiro, better known as Lamed Shapiro (Lamed being the first letter of his forename in the Yiddish alphabet), was a Jewish writer of short stories. He was born in Ukraine and traveled to Warsaw. In his youth he experienced violence and conscription into the army. He published his first stories in 1903. He traveled to the United States in 1905 and continued to publish in Yiddish-language periodicals there, permanently settling in the US in 1911. His most famous stories were written during the 1910s.